DIY_EFI Digest Friday, 22 November 1996 Volume 01 : Number 357 In this issue: Gasoline FAQ re: Air Flow Measurement Re: Air Flow Measurement re: Air Flow Measurement re: Re: Air Flow Measurement Re: Air Flow Measurement efi reference and FAQ part 2 efi_reference and FAQ See the end of the digest for information on subscribing to the DIY_EFI or DIY_EFI-Digest mailing lists. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- From: brewer@xxx.com (John Brewer) Date: Fri, 22 Nov 1996 06:25:39 -0600 Subject: Gasoline FAQ I can not recall who sent the address, but does anyone have the url for the "gasoline FAQ" which was tossed about a few months ago? My old server has gone down and I lost all my addresses :( John Brewer "Any man who would trade liberty for security deserves neither." Benjamin Franklin ------------------------------ From: cloud@xxx.edu (tom cloud) Date: Fri, 22 Nov 1996 07:49:47 -0600 Subject: re: Air Flow Measurement [ snip ] >>Sure seems a lot better than using MAP and some magical 'volmetric >>efficiency'. > >I'd prefer to use MAP and learn (and adapt) the VE function using closed >loop A/F control if I didn't need EGR (and lots of it - I'm working on a >DISC engine project). [ snip ] >Andrew Rabbitt I think tha's what I've been trying to say .... thanks. Now, when you say 'closed loop A/F' do you mean EGO? And how would you 'learn' off-stoich conditions (esp. power / rich and economy / lean), since the EGO feedback isn't really 'calibrated' at that point (I've assumed that it would still give useful, if not perfect, data). Tom Cloud ------------------------------ From: kleenair@xxx.com Date: Fri, 22 Nov 1996 10:26:28 -0800 Subject: Re: Air Flow Measurement > At 20degC, according to my calcs, the specific heat capacity of air (+H2O) > varies about 2% from 0 to 100%RH. > > Andrew Rabbitt Thanks Andrew to all your great input! ------------------------------ From: neilaura@xxx.com (Laura & Neil Powell) Date: Fri, 22 Nov 1996 08:00:18 -0800 Subject: re: Air Flow Measurement You wrote: > > [ snip ] > >>>Sure seems a lot better than using MAP and some magical 'volmetric >>>efficiency'. >> >>I'd prefer to use MAP and learn (and adapt) the VE function using closed >>loop A/F control if I didn't need EGR (and lots of it - I'm working on a >>DISC engine project). > > [ snip ] > >>Andrew Rabbitt > >I think tha's what I've been trying to say .... thanks. Now, when >you say 'closed loop A/F' do you mean EGO? And how would you 'learn' >off-stoich conditions (esp. power / rich and economy / lean), since >the EGO feedback isn't really 'calibrated' at that point (I've assumed >that it would still give useful, if not perfect, data). > > >Tom Cloud > > I have been following the discussion on closed/open loop A/F and O2 sensor readings with great interest. I understand that the O2 sensor reads the oxygen content of the combustion products and outputs a voltage. But us California folks have this horrible pump that forces air into the headers to cut emissions, so how can the O2 sensor give an accurate reading??. Any comments anyone. Neil Powell ------------------------------ From: SRavet@xxx.com Date: Fri, 22 Nov 96 10:13:48 CST Subject: re: Re: Air Flow Measurement cloud@xxx.edu (tom cloud) Wrote: | | >tom cloud wrote: | >> If you know BAP and MAP, you know delta-P across opening -- granted, | >> the opening size varies with throttle position, but you've got TPS | >> for that -- seems that air flow could be rather accurately determined | >> without much hassle????? | > | >Wow ! That might all be very well But ! | >What the hell are | | BAP --- barometric absolute pressure | | and MAP --- manifold absolute pressure and | | delta-P --- pressure change or differential | | and TPS --- throttle position sensor | | pretty standard terms for efi | | ??? | | Now, what the heck is TLA ??? TLA=Three Letter Abbreviation. or Three Letter Acronym, but acronym isn't exactly correct since an acronym needs to actually be a word, and TLA isn't a word... Most of these are at the tail end of the EFI_REF list. I'll post it again later today to both lists. Watch for it, it's in two parts. | | >Are they all TLAs ?? | >Is there (or should there be) an FAQ ? | >-- | >Phil (Mig Pilot) | | | Tom Cloud | | Steve Ravet sravet@xxx.com Baby you're a genius when it comes to cooking up some chili sauce... ------------------------------ From: kleenair@xxx.com Date: Fri, 22 Nov 1996 10:44:26 -0800 Subject: Re: Air Flow Measurement tom cloud wrote: > > [ snip ] > > >>Sure seems a lot better than using MAP and some magical 'volmetric > >>efficiency'. > > > >I'd prefer to use MAP and learn (and adapt) the VE function using closed > >loop A/F control if I didn't need EGR (and lots of it - I'm working on a > >DISC engine project). > > [ snip ] > > >Andrew Rabbitt > > I think tha's what I've been trying to say .... thanks. Now, when > you say 'closed loop A/F' do you mean EGO? And how would you 'learn' > off-stoich conditions (esp. power / rich and economy / lean), since > the EGO feedback isn't really 'calibrated' at that point (I've assumed > that it would still give useful, if not perfect, data). > > Tom Cloud Hi Tom, That's a good question and here is an explanation that is somewhat related: Adaptive learn is normally used for two purposes: 1- to correct for varrying fuel composition, and 2- to account for changes in engine fuel requirements (i.e. air flow characteristic changes). The adaptive learn cells are generally larger than the normal VE table cells. Each cell is supposed to cover an "engine operating region" as opposed to a specific operating point. So, it's possible to approximate the correction factor for fueling at WOT, by using the adaptive learn correction factor at a slightly lower throttle angle that still operated in the closed loop mode. Its an approximation at best, but its better than no correction, especially if you consider changes in fuel composition (i.e. going from regular to oxygenated fuel, etc.) Best Regards, Mazda Ebrahimi ------------------------------ From: SRavet@xxx.com Date: Fri, 22 Nov 96 10:33:36 CST Subject: efi reference and FAQ part 2 This is part two, also about 500 lines. - --steve Steve Ravet sravet@xxx.com Baby you're a genius when it comes to cooking up some chili sauce... - ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Parts -- Injectors and Injector Drivers - ----------------------------------------------------------------------- CS-452 and CS-453 -- Cherry Peak and hold fuel injector driver. 4 amp or 2.5 amp peak, then 4:1 reduction in current. Available from Electromotive. HGTP14N40F3VL -- Harris IGBT Coil/Injector Driver. HGTP14N36G3VL - Same at 14N40... but 360 Volt rating, and added resistor from the gate to the emitter, may be the same for all intents... HGTP20N35G3VL - 20 Amp rated, 350 volt clamp, same as above, different ratings. L584 -- SGS-Thomson? You can build a complete driver circuit with one L584 (DIP16), two darlingtons and a few resistors and capacitors. The L584 can be set up to use one of four diffrent load current waveshapes, including peak-hold-drop and peak-drop. L9335 -- SGS-Thompson SGS Thomson sells the L9335 and L9336 Injector Drivers. The former is a 2.4 amp / 0.6 amp peak/hold, and the latter is a 4 amp / 1 amp peak/hold. The pinout looks the same as the Motorola MC3484S2-2 and MC3484S4-2. Cherry Semiconductor also sells the part (CS-452 and CS-453). The L584 is still in production from SGS - they are not easy to get hold of though, I typically get quoted 25-40 week lead times. This is a very flexible chip though and because it works in switch mode the darlingtons don't dissipate much heat (about 1/4 that of LM1949 design). It will produce some RFI because the inductor (injector) is switched fairly fast and is on the end of a long piece of wire (aerial). This solution allows any peak/hold ratio to be implemented. The chip costs about 2.50 (pounds Sterling) in 25 off. LM1949 -Nat'l Semi Injector Drive Controller. Beware - this chip does not operate as a switch mode controller and so the darlington dissipates a lot of heat! It does allow for a low part count solution but fixes the ratio of peak to hold current to 4. MC3484-S4 -- Motorola (discontinued) This part is the same as the Cherry CS-452 and CS-453 MC33293 -- Motorola Note that the 33293 is NOT peak and hold. It's a quad driver intended for high impedence injectors. HIP0081 -- Harris This chip is functionally equivalent to the MC33293, ie. quad current limiting driver with serial diagnostics interface. MGP20N40CL -- Motorola The Motorola MGP20N40CL is a nice IGBT for ignition coil drive. It has internal clamping diodes for voltage protection (400V) and can handle 20 amps. In practice, with peak coil currents of 10A, it only needs a small heat sink. You can drive it directly from a 5V CMOS output. 15 lb/hr injectors high impedance 87 to 92 Ford LTD, Mercury Grand Marquis and Lincoln Town car have 14 ohm 15 pound injectors. 15 lb/hr injectors low impedance I don't know the year, but the Ford Escort with a 1.6l engine has the 2.4 ohm 15 pound injectors. 19 lb/hr Mustang 5.0l 22 lb/hr Chevy 305 tpi 24 lb/hr GM 350 tpi 35 lb/hr Mustang SVO turbo. - ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Parts -- Processors - ----------------------------------------------------------------------- CSP3000 -- The Car Signal Processor (CSP3000) is a signal processor designed for use in automotive applications. 24 analog inputs and 8 PWM outputs represent the interfaces with the analog world. The digital, 12 bits wide I/O port and two serial bus interfaces permit the exchange of digital data within the application or between processors. FEATURES OF THE CSP: - - 12 Bit RISC processor (FP) - - 256 words of internal RAM (12 bit) - - 2048 works of internal ROM (20 bit) - - internal clock generator - - 12 Bidirectional IO lines - - 2 serial ports - - up to 24 analog inputs - - 8 PWM outputs - - up to 24 digital inputs - - all digital inputs with hysteresis - - 2 independant RESET pins for FP and PWM system - - PLCC 68 package - - EMU version available in 132 pin LLCC package MC68332 -- Motorola The MC68332 is a member of Motrola's family of modular architecture controller chips. The '332 contains the following modules: * CPU32, a 32bit M68000 style processor with all 68020 functionality except the bitfield operations. * TPU, a 16 bit RISC time processing unit that has 16 I/O pins and can independently perform all sorts of time functions such as PWM, period measurement, position synchronized pulse generation, missing pulse detection, etc (great for engine management). * QSM, a serial module that contains one standard asynchronous serial port and one synchronous port. * SIM, a system integration module that does chip selects, etc. * 2K of onboard static ram. CDP68HC68A2 -- Harris CMOS Serial 10-Bit A/D Converter for SPI CDP68HC68P1 -- Harris CMOS Serial 8-Bit Input/Output Port for SPI - ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Parts -- Ingition support/controllers - ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 67F687 -- Silicon Systems (discontinued) The 67F687 is a high performance MSICs ( Mixed Signal Integrated Circuit ) designed to work with a microprocessor in an engine management system. Using two sensor inputs (crank and cam), the 67F687 tracks engine position through one or two complete revolutions with a resolution of 0.25 degrees. Designed to be flexible, the 67F687 will accept a variety of sensor types and pulse patterns. It generates ignition and injection output pulses based on position and time parameters supplied by the host microprocessor, relieving it of many of the real time interrupt routines associated with these tasks. These outputs can directly drive power devices to actuate automotive ignition coils and fuel injectors. A sense input from each device allows individual diagnostics, short circuit protection and ignition coil current limiting. A timer, which measures coil charge time at the ignition sense inputs, enhances closed loop dwell control. Communication with a host microprocessor is through a parallel data and address bus. A general purpose parallel I/O port offers level sensitive input and output capability, in addition to edge detect inputs and PWM outputs. Silicon Systems Automotive Products 14351 Myford Road Tustin, CA 92680 USA Attn: Tony Anderson HIP9010 -- Harris Semiconductor An integrated knock sensor signal processor. This thing (HIP9010) is controlled by a microprocessor bus port, and does programmable gain, filtering, windowing and integration. It produces an analog output voltage for knock amplitude. It will allow you to watch a narrow frequency band and compare it to the relative power in another band. You can switch back and forth between different physical sensors between ignition pulses and even switch bands before and after each spark event to watch different frequencies. LM1815 -- Nat'l Semi An adaptive reluctance amplifier. The neat thing about this chip is it has different triggering modes, one of which is the adaptive mode which requires the positive input spike to be at least 80% of the preceeding pulse, in order to reduce fale triggerings. The chip produces a pulse on zero-crossing (positive to negative) and has an on-board triggered one-shot. They cost around $3.50 and looks like it is available. MC3334 -- Motorola It's an 8-pin DIP that uses a sensing capacitor to determine if the coil was completely charged for the last spark. It adjusts the dwell for the next spark accordingly. ULQ2460A -- Allegro Microsystems Electronic Spark Timing Controller The chip is "intended to interface between conventional electromagnetic pickups, a computer controlled electronic spark timing (EST) computer, and a high efficiency ignition coil." They describe an application schematic where there are 3 connection points to the computer: 1. Reference - signal conditioned output from the pickup 2. EST - control input from the EST computer, allows the CPU complete control over ignition functions 3. Bypass - causes the device to internally process the Reference signal to control dwell, spark timing, and spark advance without the aid of the computer Allegro Microsystems Inc. 115 Northeast Cutoff Box 15036 Worcester MA 01615 Voice (508) 853-5000 Fax (508) 853-5049 - ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Parts -- Sensors, sensor amplifiers, sensor decoders - ----------------------------------------------------------------------- ADXL02, ADXL05 -- Analog Devices This device is a single axis, transistor can accelerometer, capable of measuring up to +/- 2 G's. I believe these parts run about $20-$25 each. After I gauge the interest level, I will contact a distributor and get exact price, minimum order and delivery details. Also, there is an ADXL05 (+/-5G's), for those of you with visions of greatness. Take a look at: http://www.analog.com/publications/press/products/ADXL-EM_062195.html You may have to wade through Analog's front lines. Just go to analog devices->sensors->ADXL05 via the hypertext links. AD590 -- Analog Devices A better choice (IMHO) is the AD590 from Analog Devices. It is a current output device, and outputs 1uA per degree K (Kelvin, 0K = -273C), so at 0C it puts out 273uA, and at 100C it puts out 373uA. Use a 2 wire shielded cable, carrying +5V on one wire and the current return from the sensor on the other wire. Run the return current through a resistor to ground, and measure the voltage across the resistor. Select the resistor to give you 10mV/deg C (10K ohms) if you run it on 5V. If you run it off 12V, you can increase the output voltage a bit, the sensor doesn't care if it has a regulated supply or not, but, your offset increases as well and may be more difficult to deal with. Put a cap across the resistor if you need more noise immunity, but the current loop style output is relatively immune to noise anyway. AD594 -- Analog Devices If you want your EGT's to be accurate down to freezing, you can use an Analog Devices AD594. It's a thermocouple amp with built in ice point compensation and runs about ten bucks US. DS1820 -- Dallas Semiconductor Each DS1820 digital thermometer provides 9-bit temperature readings, no analog circuitry is required, there is no need for shielded cable, the DS1820 takes its power from the data line, temperature range of - -55C to +125C in 0.5 degrees increments. Ford O2 sensors The heated ford sensor I use, Mustang and T bird 5.0 apps, uses three wires. The two whites are the heater element and they are floating. The black is the O2 signal and the return is vehicle gnd. This is commonly available from Napa dealers here for 45$ canadian admittably at a discount. Ford MAF sensor The Ford (Hitachi) MAF output a voltage and can be bought new for ~150-~200 or so. Used ones go for considerably less. HCTL2000, HCTL2016 -- Hewlett Packard Optical sensor decoder, 15$. Using two sensors on a toothed or optical disk, it decodes the waveforms for resolution beyond the number of teeth. It has a built in 16 bit counter which will totalize pulses until you read it. As an added bonus, it multiplies the resolution of the system by 4 because it counts each rising and falling edge from each sensor.I have used these in a position sensing application and they are a piece of cake to interface to. You'd only have to read it once per second and you'd be able to keep up with about 6500 RPM. Of course, you'd want to read it a lot more often to keep up with things, but it would take a big load off the processor in any case. HEDS 5000, 6000, 9000 -- Hewlett Packard This is an optical sensor setup that you can buy different resolution disks for, or make your own. They even make one with 360 cpr, and are very small in size. Coupled with an HCTL2000/2016 quadrature decoder chip, (X4 resolution, built in 12/16 bit counter w/direction, 8 bit parallel interface) you have an instant position sensing system with no programming or fabricating at all. Honda part number 395986 from 1993 Honda Civic VX * This is a UEGO exhaust sensor: * Cost $130ish * Has same wires and colors as the NTK $600 sensor.. * Same compensating resistance in the plug too... * The UEGO body markings are the same as the one from Horiba ($900+) MEXA analyzer .. * Honda wiring diags from Civic VX show same ckt. annotations as the NTK fax I received .. For heater: orange Vh+ yellow Vh- For Sensor: red Vs+ black Vs- / Ip- white Ip+ HIP9020AP -- Harris Reluctance sensor amplifier. This part was specifically designed as a Vehicle Speed Sensor Buffer chip -- used to pickup the inductive pickup on the output gear of the transmission ... Plus it has an on-chip pulse frequency doubler and some selectable dividers as well... Works with 100mv to 130V ... And is about a $3 (US) part (I think -- as I got all of mine as samples) LM50 -- Nat'l Semi This is a linear sensor with an output that increases with increasing temperature. The TO92 version can be fitted into an old dismantled water temp sensor if required. Use heatshrink sleeving as insulation. As it is a 3-wire sensor it needs a +ve feed as well as the ground and output wire. LM1815 -- Nat'l Semi Adaptive Variable Reluctance Sensor Amplifier chip. For cleaning up signals from magnetic pickups. It is inexpensive (well, $5.70 from DigiKey) and operates over an input voltage range of 100mV to 120V! LM1964 -- Nat'l Semi An amplifier designed especially for amplifying O2 sensor signals. It's in National's special purpose devices book (Linear 3). LM9044 Lambda Sensor Interface Amplifier Electro Corp. 1845 - 57th Street Sarasota, FL 34243 voice: 813-355-8411 fax: 813-355-3120 A complete line of sensors. MPX2700AP -- Motorola The Motorola MPX2700AP is rated to measure up to 4 bar and is fully temperature compensated all for 7-40 (about $12 U.S.) in the UK. I would imagine that would meet the needs for most turbo and non-turbo applications ....... ACH-04-08 Amp This is a 3-axis accelerometer (y-axis, z-axis, and rotational acceleration around z-axis) that is fully programmable. You can read only 1 axis at a time in either digital or analog format. y-axis sensitivity is 1.5 mV/g, z-axis is 12 mV/g, and rotational is 0.3 mV/rad/s^2. I don't have time to quote the entire data sheet but I think is has programmable gain (ie. ranges). I was wrong about the price: it is $30 (maybe I was thinking $10 per axis?). Oh yeah, this data sheet and price is preliminary. I did get detailed information and found out that they have an AC response only, no DC response. This means that they are good for measuring "vibration" and "impacts", but not for reading steady-state forces, like the lateral force on a car going around a corner, accelerating, or braking. These are the applications that I need, so the part's useless for me. Also, there is a 25% cross axis sensitivity on one axis. This means that if there's a 1g vibration on the other axis, this one will read a quarter g. That's pretty bad performance in accelerometer-land. You could only use this part in applications where cross axis sensitivity does not matter. - ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Parts -- Power supply components - ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 1.5KE18CA -- Microsemi Corp. A good automotive transorb, especially for supply inputs is the 1.5KE18CA, (18 volt) this is availible from numerous sources, Microsemi Corp. Santa Ana, CA being one of them. LM2940 -- Natl semi Automotive rated 5,8,10 v regulator. Dropout voltage < 1v typically LM2925 -- Natl semi Automotive rated 5v regulator. Dropout voltage <1v typically. Includes "power good" signal. MAX724 -- Maxim Switching regulator The first time I tried using one, it worked great, was totally painless to design, dissipates way less than a linear regulator, and puts out more power than you'll ever need. BTW, the MAX726 is a 2A version of the 724, all other specs the same. - ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Parts -- Car parts - ----------------------------------------------------------------------- One-per-plug ignition coils: Chevy LS-1 will have one coil per plug on the LS-1 (new Corvette engine) The Subaru SVX uses coil-per-plug. The coils are fairly small, but they're designed to go between dual overhead cams with a mounting boss to bolt to. (They're not all the same shape either.) Check out you're local SAAB dealer. The 9000 and the newer 900 have spark plug mounted coils. Undoubtably they are Bosch devices so perhaps you can find an aftermarker dealer that can get generic Bosch parts at a fraction of the SAAB price. I believe the newer Supra Turbos also use the sparkplug mounted coils. The Olds Quad 4 has had plug mounted coils for several years. They are easy to get at any GM dealership. Don't know if they're cheaper than the import (Bosch?) version. FYI Mazda used a distributorless coil per cylinder, ...er rotor, since '86 on rotaries which has proven to be reliable. - ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Parts -- Other - ----------------------------------------------------------------------- SAMTEC makes QFP to PGC Adapter boards for a variety of QFP Packages. Chip Specific Adapters "SPEC" for a variety of Motorola and Intel Chips, SAMTEC phn 800 726-8329. HIP 7030A0 and HIP7020 OBD-II/J1850 drivers Harris has a complete and inexpensive line of OBD_II SAE J1850 comm protocol IC's. The protocols are too complex for a mail post (unless I had a week to write...) but the SAE publication HS-3000 is the complete shebang...One of the harris IC's is the HIP7030A0... It is a 68HC05 cpu with SENDEC, crc generation etc... It only requires code and the HIP7020 Bus tranceiver chip. CA3228 Harris Semiconductor -- A complete DIY cruise control less switches and servo. Requires a bare minimum of external components. CL-PD6720 Cirrus Logic If anyone wants to follow along, I'm using a Cirrus Logic CL-PD6720 PCMCIA Host Adaptor. A $23US 208 pin PQFP. It's a complete hardware solution except for power management. - ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Software - ----------------------------------------------------------------------- PADS -- Circuit layout software. Has all the symbols, 68000, 8031, 80x86, TTL, CMOS, etc. It seems easy to add to this as well. Outputs Gerber, Postscript, etc. Got the copy I have off a CDROM. Walnut Creek Simtel 10/93 collection. Anyway, try ftp.uu.net, wuarchive.wustl.edu, ftp.funet.fi etc. The directory at ftp.uu.net should be /system/msdos/simtel/cad. The files are padslib.zip, padslog.zip, padspcb.zip. Dunno what the versions are. RTEMS -- Real time OS Developed by the Army, see the www page at: http://lancelot.gcs.redstone.army.mil/rtems.html It's now available for both efi68k and efi332. GCC -- DOS hosted cross compiler for 68000 series CPUs There are now binaries (and the changed source files for anyone interested) available via anon. ftp. The binaries are gcc 2.6.0 for djgpp (msdos) host and 68000 family embedded target. The ftp address is: ftp.lysator.liu.se in directory /pub/msdos/gnu/gcc-dos-m68k V -- A Freeware portable C++ GUI Framework for Windows and X V is a portable C++ GUI framework that is compatible with MS Windows and X windows (Athena widget set). It provides a common API for GUI development such that a single application source will provide a native looking GUI application in either environment. Most standard GUI objects are supported by V, including windows with menus, status bars, tool bars, and a drawing canvas; modal and modeless dialogs with the most common controls (buttons, lists, labels, text entry, check and radio buttons, etc.); and portable printing support. Get more info at http://www.cs.unm.edu/~wampler/ wxWindows -- GUI package for MS windows and Linux Yet another GUI package to look at might be wxWindows. It works on Windoze and Linux (but does require Motif) and claims to have a GUI builder program. You can read about it at http://www.aiai.ed.ac.uk/~jacs/wxwin.html - ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Definitions - ----------------------------------------------------------------------- ADC = Analog to Digital Converter A/D = Analog to Digital A/F = Air Fuel Ratio ALDL -- Assembly Line Diagnostic Link. The connector under the dash on GM cars. It can be used to dump diagnostic information from the ECM, but requires special equipment to use. BP = Barometric Pressure BAP = Barometric Air Pressure (same as BP) BDC = Bottom Dead Center CAN = Controller Area Network. A proposed network protocol for automotive use outside the US. The US proposal is SAE standard J1850, aka OBD CTS -- Coolant Temp Sensor CYA = Cover Your Ass DAC = Digital to Analog Converter delta-P = delta pressure. Change in pressure, for example across a throttle plate. DIS = Distributorless Ignition System EGT = Exhaust Gas Temperature ECM -- Engine Control Module? It's the engine management computer. ECU = Electronic Control Unit (?) Same as ECM IAC -- Idle Air Control motor. A stepper motor controlled by the ECM. It determines how much air gets through to the engine when the throttle is at idle. The computer controls it to maintain a constant idle. IGBT -- Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor MAF -- Mass Air Flow. An FI technique where the mass of air flowing into the intake is directly measured via a hot wire , rotating vane, hinged flap, or other means. The computer reads this value and injects the proper amount of fuel. MAP -- Manifold Air Pressure. The air pressure in the intake manifold, after the throttle. MAT = Manifold Air Temp sensor MCU = MicroController Unit (eg. 68HC11) OBD = On Board Diagnostics. Mandated in the US, this forces auto manufacturers to use common protocols and connectors for automotive diagnostics. (We've had OBD-I and OBD-II, OBD-III is on the way). OEM = Original Equipment Manufacturer. PLCC = Plastic Leadless Chip Carrier PWM = Pulse Width Modulator SAE = Society of Automotive Engineers SBC -- Single Board Computer or Small Block Chevy SD -- Speed density. An FI technique where the amount of air entering the engine is calculated from engine RPM, MAP, and a pre-calculated volumetric efficiency for the engine. SNAFU = Situation Normal - All Screwed Up SOL = Shit Out of Luck TDC = Top Dead Center. Piston at the top of the cylinder TLA = Three Letter Abbreviation (or Acronym). Acronym is not totally correct, since an acronym has to be a word, and TLA isn't a word. TPS = Throttle Position Sensor. Tells the ECM how "open" the throttle is. - ----------------------------------------------------------------------- GM EFI terms: - ----------------------------------------------------------------------- TPI = Tuned Port Injection. Used on small block Chevy. One Injector per cylinder, with tuned intake runners. Batch fired. (All injectors fire at once.) CFI = Cross Fire Injection. Used 2, 4 cyl throttle bodies on a cross-ram style manifold that had very small runners. Injectors alternately fired. Actually the precursor to the truck V-8 TBI that used a dual plane intake. SFI = Sequential Fuel Injection. This uses one injector per cylinder, and one injector driver per cylinder. The advantage the injector is timed to open some time before the intake valve, giving better emmisions, drivability and fuel economy. More expensive, ECM has to know which cylinder is firing. MPI = Multi Port Injection. GM used this term for the 2.8/3.1L V-6's. Used one injector per cylinder, batch fired. Tuned 2 piece intake manifold. TBI = Throttle Body Injection. Almost just like a carburator, except it uses large injectors mounted over the throttle plate. This is cheap, but very functional. Alternate fire. Good starting place for beginners. - ----------------------------------------------------------------------- VW FI systems: - ----------------------------------------------------------------------- D-Jetronic, 1968-197? This system uses manifold pressure and an all analog electronic control box. I think it was first used on 1968 VW Type 3. Also used on Porsche 914, Saab, Volvo, and who knows what else. L-Jetronic, 1975- This system uses an air flow meter (flapper box) and a hybrid analog/digital control box. Available with and w/o an oxygen sensor. I think it was first used on 1974 Porsche 914 1.8. Very common on BMW, etc. Used on VW Bug from 1975 and late Bus / Vanagon. Motronic, This is an all digital control unit, using either an air flow meter or a mass air sensor. I think it was first used on BMW but shows up on just about all European makes. With and and w/o oxygen sensor and knock sensors. Used by VW on the VR6. K-Jetronic, 1973 into the '90s. Commonly called CIS. This started out as a purely mechanical continuous flow system. First used in 1973 Porsche 911T. VW picked it up for the Rabbit. Seen on many European makes. In 1982 it became K-Jetronic Lambda, which incorporated an oxygen sensor, a control unit, and a duty cycle solenoid valve to modify the original mechanical system. About 1985, KE-Jetronic, the duty cycle valve was replaced by a voice coil actuator and a more complicated control unit. Added digital ignition control at the same time. Digifant is a VW invention that's kind of a cross between L-Jetronic and Motronic. Found in things like 1990 Golf and Jetta. ------------------------------ From: SRavet@xxx.com Date: Fri, 22 Nov 96 10:32:51 CST Subject: efi_reference and FAQ Part one of the EFI reference/FAQ should be attached to this. Approx 500 lines. - --steve Steve Ravet sravet@xxx.com Baby you're a genius when it comes to cooking up some chili sauce... 0.........1.........2.........3.........4.........5.........6.........7......... A list of references on Engine Management, fuel injection, EFI related parts and components. Currently maintained by Steve Ravet sravet@xxx.com Available via WWW at: http://www.dcc.edu/vettenet/efi_ref.txt - ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Books sorted by author - ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Adler, Ulrich, _Electronic Gasoline Fuel-Injection System with Lambda Closed-Loop Control, L-Jetronic: Technical Instruction_, Robert Bosch GmbH, copyright 1985, ISBN 1-85-226008-4. (yellow book, 20 numbered pages; this is written on the back cover: "English translation of the German edition dated: September 1985.") Adler, Ulrich, _Mechanical Gasoline Fuel-Injection System with Lambda Closed-Loop Control, K-Jetronic: Technical Instruction_, Robert Bosch GmbH, copyright 1981, ISBN 1-85-226030-0. (yellow book, 24 numbered pages; this is written on the back cover: "English translation of the 2nd German edition dated: September 1985.") Adler, Ulrich, _Combined Ignition and Fuel-Injection System with Lambda Closed-Loop Control, Motronic: Technical Instruction_, Robert Bosch GmbH, copyright 1985, ISBN 1-85-226009-2. (yellow book, 44 numbered pages; this is written on the back cover: "English translation of the 2nd German edition from September 1985.") Adler et al, "Automotive Electric/Electronic Systems", Robert Bosch GmbH, Stuttgart, Germany, ISBN 0-89883-509-7, 1988. This is the "red" handbook. Covers all forms of automotive systems. Good general reading with excellent coverage of basic functions like starters, alternators, ignition, sparkplugs. Covers some detail of Bosch's fuel injection systems. Available from the SAE on sale for $19 (order B-528). Adler et al, "Automotive Handbook, 3rd Edition", Robert Bentley, Cambridge, MA, ISBN 0-8376-0330-7, 1993. This is the "blue" handbook which used to be pocket size. Covers all forms of automotive design and systems. Good reference source, but expressed in metric. Has conversion tables. Covers materials well. Some data on emissions (478-489) similar to 2nd Edition. Also has data on some of the representative automobiles from various world companies in back section. Available from the SAE for $29 (order BOSCH3). Price for SAE members is $23. Allen, Fredrick D. "Domestic Electronic Fuel Injection and Computer Systems" Prentice Hall ISBN 0-13-218256-4 This book is worthwhile reading, although it doesn't go into much detail on the electronics side, it describes fuel injection systems in general from the Big 3 and is a good overall reference. Chowanietz, Eric "Automobile Electronics" Butterworth-Heinemann (paperback - 1995) ISBN: 0 7506 1878 7 SAE International (North America - Hardback - 1995) ISBN: 1 56091 739 3 The book gives an introduction to all aspects of automobile electronics and there is an extended section on the theory and practice of engine management. It was written for newcomers to the subject, particularly engineering students. Further details can be found on my InterNet Homepage http://www.dmu.ac.uk/~egc/ DaRosa -- Fundamentals of Energy Processes Very general, with an excellent chapter or two on combustion, and lots of other source of energy discussion. $60 Hartman, Jeff "High-Performance Automotive Fuels & Fluids" ISBN is 0-7603-0054-2 Issues of interest to me that he covers are water injection, nitrous oxide, octane & anti-knock additives, racing fuels (ethanol, methanol, etc.). He also discusses lubricants, including a detailed discussions of synthetic motor oil (why it's good) and oil additives (and why most are bad). Hartman, Jeff "Fuel injection - Installation, Performance tuning, Modifications" ISBN 0-87938-743-2 Publisher Motorbooks international, PO Box 1, Osceola, WI 54020 1-800-826-6600 (in the US), Reccomended Price $19.95 US. Probably the best value for money book on EFI. The book has snippets of everything - If it had detail on all the subjects it mentioned it would be the definitive reference. The Audience is intended as street rodders mainly, but there are good bits and peices for the DIY_EFI'er - Reccomended reading. Heywood, J.B., "Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals", McGraw-Hill, USA, ISBN 0-07-028637-x, 1988. College text on IC engine design and theory. General reference on engine topics. Also contains many references to other works. Available from the SAE for $69 (order B-526). Jacobs, Christopher A.. "The Doctor's Guide to Optimizing Your Ignition", Jacobs Tech Publications. 500 N. Baird St., Midland, Tx, 79701. 800 375 5226 800 626 8800. $12.00-$19.00. Johnson and Graham, "High Speed Digital Design, a Handbook of Black Magic" This is recommended reading. Jurgan, Ronald "Automotive Electronics Handbook" McGraw-Hill ISBN:0-07-033189-8 It's pretty expensive at about $90 but worth it for the excellent background on a wide range of topics. Jurgen is the editor. The O2 sensor chapter was written by chief O2 sensor engineer at Bosch. Also excellent chapters on flow and knock sensors. Should be available at good university library. Lenz, D.H.P., "Mixture Formation in Spark-Ignition Engines", SAE, Warrendale, PA, ISBN 1-56091-188-3, 1992. Excellent text on carbureation, combustion and fuel infection concepts. Some important data on emissions (70-74, 249-251) with description of trends over years. This book also published by Springer-Verlag/Wien, NY, who translated it from German (Lenz, Gemischbildung bei Ottomotoren) in 1990. Available from SAE on sale for $55 (order R-113). Price for SAE members is $45. I actually bought a copy for $39 at the SAE Congress last month. Norbye, Jan P., _Automotive Fuel Injection Systems, A Technical Guide_, Motorbooks International, Osceola, Wisconsin, 1981, ISBN 0-87938-139-6. (primarily a history and description of fuel injection systems, includes chapters on Bosch Mechanical Systems for Mercedes-Benz Cars, Kugelfischer Fuel Injection, Rochester Fuel Injection, The Bendix Electrojector, Cadillac and the Bendix Analog and Digital Fuel-Injection Systems, Bosch L- and K- Jetronic, Motronic, Mono-Jetronic, Lucas Digital Fuel Injection, Chrysler's Single-Point Injection; Ford's Electronic Engine Control System, Zenith Fuel-Management Systems, Fiat/Marelli Experimental System, Bosch / Pierburg Electronic Carburetor, Aftermarket Fuel Injection) Ott, Henry, "Noise Reduction Techniques in Electronic Systems" This is still the best. Probst, C.O., "Bosch Fuel Injection & Engine Management", Robert Bentley, Cambridge, MA, ISBN 0-8376-0300-5, 1989. Covers most of the Bosch systems from D-Jetronic through Motronic. Covers variety of vehicles. Has good section in begining on combustion and emissions information, but a better description is in other BOSCH texts and sources. Available from the SAE on sale for $19 (order B-557). Probst, C.O., "How to Understand, Service and Modify Ford Fuel Injection and Electronic Engine Control", Robert Bentley, Cambridge, MA, ISBN 0-8376-0301-3, 1993. Covers basic engine control theory and Ford systems from 1988 to 1993. Excellent book on topic. Similar to author's other work on Bosch systems. Available from SAE for $30 (order B-584). Ribbens, William B., Mansour, Norman P., et al, _Understanding Automotive Electronics_, third edition, Howard W. Sams & Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, 1988, ISBN 0-672-27064-6. (Contents includes Automotive Fundamentals, The Systems Approach to Control and Instrumentation, Electronics Fundamentals, Microcomputer Instrumentation and Control, Sensors and Actuators, The Basics of Electronic Engine Control, Digital Engine Control System, Vehicle Motion Control, Automotive Instrumentation, Diagnostics, Future Automotive Electronics Systems) Farwell, Robert F and Neil M. Schmitt "Understanding Automation Systems" Howard W. Sams & Company, ISBN 0-672-27014-5 LCCN 84-51472 a good book on controls for those who didn't pass the class in college. Watson, B., "How to Tune and Modify Bosch Fuel Injection", Motorbooks International, Osceola, WI, ISBN 0-87938-570-7, 1992. Covers most of the Bosch systems from D-Jetronic through LH-Jetronic. Mainly aimed at VW. Has good section in begining on testing electronic components. Minimal amount of emissions information - better description is in other BOSCH texts and sources. Cost $19.95 in 1994. Watson, Ben, _How to Tune and Modify Ford Fuel Injection_, Motorbooks International, Osceola, Wisconsin, 1992, ISBN 0-87938-621-5. ("For Fuel-Injected Ford Cars and Trucks with EEC III and EEC IV Engine Maintenance Systems," chapters include History of Fuel Injection, Brief Overview of Electronics, Tools, Tuning the Fuel-injected Engine, Automotive Emissions, EEC III, EEC IV Components and Operation, EEC IV Onboard Diagnostics, Troubleshooting by Symptom, Performance Modifications, Legalities of Engine Modification; the performance chapter is weak, only 10 pages). Watson, Ben, _How to Repair and Modify Chevrolet Fuel Injection, Motorbooks International, Osceola, Wisconsin, 1991, ISBN 0-87938-502-2. - ------------------ Author Unknown ------------------------ _Bosch Electronic Fuel Injection Systems, Shop Manual_, , Motorbooks International, Osceola, Wisconsin, 1986, ISBN 0-87938-237-6. (maintenance manual for Audi, BMW, Cadillac, Datsun, Mercedes, Opel, Porsche, Renault, Saab, Volkswagen, and Volvo, model years 1970 - 1979). Graffiti (publisher) "Small Block Chevrolet Tuned Port Fuel Injection" Part of "Hot Rodder's Handbook" series Copyright 1995 in Australia. It's the most consise book I've read, on exactly what it takes to make these systems work in other vehicles. Very good. It's full of little tidbits like what gear you need to run the big HEI distributer on an '89 TPI with a roller cam. ISBN 0 949398 01 2 available from Classic MotorBooks 1-800-826-6600. Electronic controls and sensors: proceedings of the SAE International Congress and Exposition (1992: Detroit, MI). ISBN 1-56091-215-4. This book is 120 pages long. Unfortunately, I do not have it (yet) as it is in an ATT library in NJ whereas I'm in IL! If you choose to purchase it, the ISBN and title should be sufficient for a bookstore to track it down. I recall this book has some articles on nifty research done in universities in Europe on adaptive controls and some stuff on a truly exotic oxygen sensor which allows more than bang-bang control of the a/f mixture. Laser/Talon Tech Info Manual Call 1-800-626-1523 and ask for the 1990 Laser/Talon Tech Info Manual part number 81-699-9039. Shipping will probably be more than the cost of this ~200 page book. They take plastic. Mitchell International, Inc., _Mitchell's Electronic Fuel Injection Troubleshooting Guide: Import Vehicles_, Fisher Books, Tucson, Arizona, 1989, ISBN 1-55561-031-5. (chapter contents include Bosch D, K, KE, L, LH, and Digifant (Japanese and European); Daihatsu; Honda PGM-FI; Isuzu I-TEC; Lucas-Bosch; Mazda RE-EGI; Mitsubishi ECI and MPFI; Nissan TBI; Subaru SPFI; this book has the EFI system wiring diagrams of many import cars.) Mitchell International, Inc., _Mitchell's Electronic Fuel Injection Troubleshooting Guide: Domestic Vehicles, Fisher Books, Tucson, Arizona, 1991, ISBN 1-55561-032-3. (chapter contents include AMC/Jeep; AMC; AMC/RENIX; AMC/RENIX II; Bosch; Chrysler; Eagle; Ford; GM; this book has the EFI system wiring diagrams of many domestic cars.) - ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Papers / Magazine articles - ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Articles beginning with a 6 digit number are SAE papers, and can be ordered directly from the SAE. Or you can find them in University libraries. Find the SAE online at http://www.sae.org SAE (412)776-4970 SAE (412)776-0790 FAX 750346 -- HEI-A New Ignition System Through New Technology It covers the charge time question as well at their solution. If you've not yet read the paper, it describes some really clever innovations: adjustable dwell depending on how near saturation, a 5.5 amp limit in the driver so you could have a low resistance for fast saturation times at high speeds, but that wouldn't fry at low speeds. 790143 -- Describes O2 sensors and their properties. Written by 2 people at Bendix Research Labs. 790742 -- Readable paper on the Ford CFI 5.0L 1980 cars. It covers most of the 'twiddle factors' required to get the vehicle running properly. 800164 -- Covers GM TBI system. Easy reading. 800468 -- _Hot Wire Air Mass Meter - A New Air Flow Meter for Gasoline Fuel Injection Systems_,Sauer, Rudolf, 1980, ISSN 0148-7191. (The author is from Bosch. This paper appears to be one of the first on MAF meters - the classical Bosch design with the thin platinum wire in the direct air flow. It has many equations explaining its operation.) 810061 -- "New State-of-the-Art in Engine Controls",Howard, J.W. and Berry, R.D. 810157 -- "Cost Effective Engine Controls", Freimark, R.J. 810449 -- Mathematical Model of a Throttle Body Fuel Injection System Discusses effect of battery voltage on injectors and fuel pump pressure 810494 -- 810495 -- 820749 -- "Valve events and engine operations", T.W.Asmus Discusses the effect of the timing of each valve operation (intake open, intake close, exhaust open, exhaust close) on engine performance. 830615 -- _Hot Wire Air Flow Meter for Engine Control System_, Nishimura, Yutaka; Ohyama, Yoshishige; Sasayama, Takao; et al., 1983, ISSN 0148-7191. (The authors are from Hitachi Ltd. This paper describes the Hitachi type MAF, which measures air flow in a bypass air passage. I believe that this type of MAF is being used on Ford cars, starting with the Mustang GT in 1987.) 840137 -- _Bosch Mass Air Flow Meter: Status and Further Aspects_, Sumai, Jaihind, and Sauer, Rudolf, 1984. (The authors are from Bosch. This paper discusses flow passages, air flow around the thermal element, use of wire grid in the air flow stream, mechanical forces on the sensor element, dirt build up on the thermal sensor element, response rate, velocity profiles, and influence of altitude on intake manifold pulsations. Actual test data is provided.) 860485 -- Concerns analyzing spark waveform to determing cylinder pressure, combustion completeness, mixture, etc. 880561 -- Frequency Domain Characterization of Mass Flow Sensors, by W. C. Follmer, 1988. 890298 -- _Switching Controlled Thermal Mass Air Flow Sensor_, Tanimoto, Kohji; Bessho, Mikio; Inada, Masanori; 1989, ISSN 0148-7191. (Reprinted from SP-771 - _Sensors and Actuators: 1989_. Authors are from Mitsubishi Electric. This paper discusses a typical MAF meter using a switching transistor to supply the voltage to the heated wire. This reduces power consumption. The output of the meter is a digital signal, with the pulse width related to the flow rate. One advantage of this type of meter is that the EFI computer does not need an analog to digital converter to acquire the data - it can use a digital counter.) 890299 -- Wide-Range Air-Fuel Ratio Sensor. >From this it looks like even an ordinary sensor contains information about the A/F ratio down into the lambda .6 region. From their graphs there's a change from 20ma to 14ma in the current generated by a sensor at 0V in going from lambda=.6 to .7. The difficulty is that at 0V the change in current from lambda= 1 to 1.5 is 0. To detect a change in this region of lambda you need to be at .25V or greater and at this voltage and lambda the sensor draws current instead of outputting it. So to keep the sensor from saturating a circuit is needed that draws 25 ma at 0V and generates 5ma at .5V. 890301 -- _A Hot Wire Air Flow Meter for Intake Air Flow Measurement_, Nishimura, Yutaka; Ohyama, Yoshishige; et al., 1989, ISSN 0148-7191. (The authors are from Hitachi, Ltd. This paper "outlines the development status of the Hitachi hot wire air flow meter." Also covered are "approaches to improve response time" and "to avoid deterioration in the measurement accuracy caused by dirt deposits on the hot wire probe.") 890459 -- _Combined Boost Pressure and Knock Control System for S.I. Engines Including 3-D Maps for Control Parameters_, Rohde, Siegfried, and Philipp, Matthias, 1989, ISSN 0148-7191. (Reprinted from SP-780, _Power Boost: Light, Medium, and Heavy Duty Engines_. Authors are from Bosch. This paper discusses the Motronic EFI system with knock sensor and turbo boost pressure control; good info on control methods.) 900258 -- _Hot Wire Air Flow Meter for Engine Control Systems_, Takahashi, Ken; Tsuruoka, Shigeo; Nishimura, Yutaka; et al., 1990, ISSN 0148-7191. (The authors are from Hitachi Ltd. This paper discusses a new type of wire probe, resulting in improved response time.) 900259 -- _Advanced Design for Bypass Type of Hot-Wire Air Flow Meter_, Arai, Nobukatsu; Sekine, Yoshihito; et al., 1990, ISSN 0148-7191. (Reprinted from SP-805 - _Sensors and Actuators 1990_. Authors are from Hitachi. This paper discusses a bypass type MAF meter integrated into a throttle body.) 900488 -- _Combustion Knock Sensing: Sensor Selection and Application Issues_, Dues, Steven M.; Adams, Joseph M., Shinkle, George A., 1990, ISSN 0148-7191. (The authors are from Delco Remy Div., General Motors Corp. This paper discusses basic knock phenomena, sensor types, application issues, process flowchart, location selection, sensor selection criteria, sensor comparisons, popular misconceptions.) 900616 -- Mean Value Modelling of Spark Ignition Engines, by Hendricks and Sorenson, 1990. 900680 -- Discusses variable length intake systems, and where the crossover point should be. The original which this paper is based on is an ASME paper by H.W. Engelman "Design of a Tuned Intake Manifold". The second is a great tuned intake primer for this list, the first has a sample calulation. 900780 -- _On-Chip Realtime Operating System for the Engine Control System_, Matsubara, Shoji; Kuwahara, Takashi; Gerhard, F. Bruce; 1990, ISSN 0148-7191. (The authors are from NEC Electronics. Discusses the "NEC uPD78602 16-Bit Single-Chip Microcomputer that incorporates a real-time operating system as firmware (alias Realtime Task Manager: RTM) as an example.") 910258 -- Discusses modeling intake manifold and fuel film dynamics. 910501 -- Sasayama, et al. Describes alternative methods of using O2 sensors (constant voltage, etc.) 910719 -- Concerns analyzing spark waveform to determing cylinder pressure, combustion completeness, mixture, etc. 910838 -- "Emissions Optimization by Camshaft Profile Switching" Dobson, C. and Drake, T. 1991. Discusses an active electro-hydraulic valvetrain. 920234 -- "Universal A/F heated exhaust gas O2 sensor",T. Yamada This article describes a wide range UEGO, the same sensor as used in NGK/Horriba a/f meter. Japan Patent # 148849 dated 1987. This UEGO was used in the Honda Civic VX lean burn engine. See part description in "Parts -- sensors" section. Cell consists of 3 substrates: O2 pumping cell, O2 galvanic cell, and O2 ref cavity. The pumping current is maintained by closed loop feedback . Output is proportional to O2 in exhaust on lean side, is equal to 0 volts @xxx.7 stio, and is proportional to amt O2 required for complete combustion of exhaust gas on rich side. Thus proportional to a/f ratio. 920289 Describes how an O2 sensor can act as an oxidation/reduction cell in addition to a std. voltaic cell. Discusses how an O2 sensor reacts to H2, CO, etc. in addition to O2. Written by two Ford engineers. 930352 -- Wang, et.al. Describes alternative methods of using O2 sensors 930390 -- Concerns analyzing spark waveform to determing cylinder pressure, combustion completeness, mixture, etc. 930766 -- Explains modelling and control of fuel wall wetting There are a quadzillion SAE papers on injector design, port design for fuel injection and injector placement. 930856 -- Operating characteristics of Zirconia sensors. 930856 -- Transient A/F Ratio Errors in Conventional SI Engine Control Concerns pressure transients in the intake. 940146 Describes various signal processing methods within the ECU on data from a knock sensor and comes to the conclusion that a band pass filter coupled with a time window for sampling is the best choice. 940373 -- "Adaptive Air-Fuel Ratio Control of a Spark-Ignition Engine" 940379 -- Describes a new pressure sensor that they use for misfire detection, knock control, ignition control, etc. I have a feeling that you may be seeing these in pass. cars in the not too distant future. Still some signal processing circuitry required but the price has to be better than a PCB or Kistler unit. 940445 -- Chen, Vincent and Gutermuth, Chrysler Corp.) This paper quantitatively describes the effects of various factors on injected droplet size including gasoline composition, initial droplet size, initial fuel temperature, charge temperature, intake manifold pressure, engine speed and distance from injector. It is very interesting to note their relative importance. 950003 -- "Engine Misfire Detection by Ionization Current Monitoring" Lee, A. and Pyko, J., (Chrysler) Concerns analyzing spark waveform to determing cylinder pressure, combustion completeness, mixture, etc. 950004 -- "Ion-Gap Sense in Misfire Detection, Knock and Engine Control" Auzins, J., Johansson, H. and Nytomt, J., (Delco and Mecel) #950433 -- Discusses a MAF meter that measures air flow in both directions. For those who haven't got access to it, it works something like this. A heater is embedded onto a piece of silicon (somehow) with two platinum temp probes, one upstream and one down stream. At zero flow, they both sense the same temperature, but as the flow increases from zero, the boundary layer flow cools the upstream sensor somewhat, but the downstream sensor remains relatively constant due to the air passing over the heater first. Thus the airflow rate is a function of the temperature differential between the two sensors. Obviously the sign of the differential is related to the flow direction. 950531 -- Brialsford, et al. Describes alternative methods of using O2 sensors ?????? -- Describes an experiment performed by the EPA wherein they discover that O2 sensors in fact do not sense O2 until they reach 800 degrees C. Until that point they measure H and CO. 960045 -- Concerns analyzing spark waveform to determing cylinder pressure, combustion completeness, mixture, etc. 960337 -- Concerns analyzing spark waveform to determing cylinder pressure, combustion completeness, mixture, etc. FISITA -- Adaptive Transient Air-Fuel Ratio Control to Minimize Gasoline Engine Emissions, by Beaumont, Noble, and Scarisbrick, 1992. HS3000 -- Complete specification of OBD-II Turbo Magazine July '94 Contains an article about an electronically activated valvetrain Circuit Cellar INK: #62 (September 1995), #63 (October 1995), #64 (November 1995) Ed Lansinger (lansie@xxx.edu) _Developing_an_Engine_Control_System_ Detailed description of the construction and programming of an EFI system for a 600cc, four cylinder, four-stroke motorcycle engine (Yamaha FZR600); includes block diagrams, schematics, algorithms, and some sample source code (more available on request) EDN: "MOSFETs and IGBTs differ in drive methods and protection needs" by Bill Travis. EDN, March 1, 1996 issue pg 123-132. Electronics Now (formerly Radio-Electronics ) July 1990 Look for an article on building a digital dashboard. I personally like the Intersil ICL-7106, ICL-7116 chips. They are 40-pin, but require a minimal amount of external components and drive the LCD (or LED -- see ICL-7107 or 7117) display directly. Hosfelt Electronics (800-524-6464) has these chips already on a circuit board with the display for about $16. The circuit is the standard circuit described from Intersil, and is a differential input. It can be wired to take 200 mV to 20 volts (of course an op-amp can be wired to amplify lower voltages and resistor attenuators can be built to handle larger) and can be powered from the car battery, but probably should have a resistor-zener or 7809 3-terminal regulator to protect it, as it's max rated supply voltage is 15 volts. - ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Application notes - ----------------------------------------------------------------------- TPU application notes from Motorola: TPUPN14/D Position-Synchronized Pulse Generator (PSP) TPUPN15A/D Period Measurement with Additional Transition Dectection Function (PMA) TPUPN15B/D Period Measurement with Missing Transition Detection TPU Function (PMM) spra039.pdf -- TI This app note is about building a DSP based knock detection system. The web page is www.ti.com and to get to the app notes you have to request a password. The app note is spra039.pdf and has the formulas etc. No code though. - ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Internet/WWW references - ----------------------------------------------------------------------- http://ram.chem.tulane.edu:8080/f-body/trivia/o2sensor.html O2 sensor information http://www.st.com/STonLINE/books/pdf/alpha/an/index.html SGS Thompson Application notes have some info about protecting automobile electronics * AN553/1292 - Protection Standards Applicable to Automobiles * AN554/0393 - Choice of Protection in Automotive Applications * AN555/0393 - Automotive Protection with the RBOxx Series. The home page for the DIY-EFI mailing list: http://www.cpsc.ucalgary.ca:80/~fridman/diy_efi/ The home page for the EFI-332 mailing list: http://www.cim.swin.edu.au/~aden/web-docs/efi332/332_index.html Tim Drury wrote a paper on Distributorless ignition systems (the first part was printed in the now defunct "Performance Engineering" magazine). Here is the whole thing: http://spbted.gtri.gatech.edu/hpe/ddis.html a page with some stuff re: water injection: http://www.rtl-bricks.com/jason/cars.html good fuel system overview: http://www.autoshop-online.com/auto101/fueltext.html gasoline FAQ: http://www.smartpages.com/faqs/autos/gasoline-faq/part1/faq.html same think, I think: http://www.cs.ruu.nl/wais/html/na-dir/autos/gasoline-faq/.html 'nother gasoline FAQ: http://gtravis.ucs.indiana.edu/Engines/octane.txt interesting FAQ on refrigerants: http://www.trane.com/fresh/cfc6b.html Fuel injector flow rates, etc. 1. http://proffa.cc.tut.fi/~k124476/dataBySubject/Injectors.html 2. http://proffa.cc.tut.fi/~k124475/injections.html 3. http://www.co.jyu.fi/~rax/suutin.htm ------------------------------ End of DIY_EFI Digest V1 #357 ***************************** To subscribe to DIY_EFI-Digest, send the command: subscribe diy_efi-digest in the body of a message to "Majordomo@xxx. 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