[FRONT COVER TITLE]

TI and Java: bringing the revolution in network intelligence to wireless

systems

[FRONT COVER SUMMARY]

The need to update features and add applications to wireless instruments

is driving service providers to look for ways to reprogram instruments

through the network. Java enables network reprogramming and opens up new

opportunities for supplying data and multimedia services along with voice.

As a Java licensee, TI is working to design Java into its DSP Solutions for

wireless systems, helping to enable new types of communication for the

wireless industry.

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[SUBHEAD] The challenge of the network

Wireless service providers today are faced with enormous opportunities for

the future -- and enormous challenges. Demand for wireless services

continues to grow rapidly, with estimates of as many as 425 million

subscribers around the world by the year 2000. At the same time, an

increase in capacity, coupled with an industry trend toward deregulation,

is forcing service providers to compete more vigorously for subscribers.

Greater wireless capacity results from two factors. First, with the

addition of the Personal Communication Systems (PCS) frequency band to the

existing cellular band, more of the radio frequency (RF) spectrum is now

available for wireless telephone communications. Second, digital

transmission, which is growing in cellular services and is used exclusively

with PCS, allows the spectrum to be used more efficiently. The result is

that service providers can carry more voice calls in the same bandwidth,

and they can open channels with larger bandwidth for new data services in

PCS networks.

Data services offer service providers a possible way to differentiate

their offerings in the highly competitive wireless market. Digital

transmission provides the infrastructure for data and even multimedia

information to be transmitted along with voice. Subscribers who have grown

accustomed to Internet and other data services on wired networks are now

beginning to anticipate having the same capabilities on wireless networks.

New data services tend to complicate a market that is already entangled in

dual cellular and PCS frequency bands, multiple analog and digital

transmission standards, and the continual upgrading of both standards and

add-in features. Service providers must determine which capabilities their

handsets will support, and at what cost. Since telephone handsets are

often given away or sold at a nominal price to encourage service

subscriptions, they need to be as cost-effective as possible.

Unfortunately, changes in standards and optional features tend to outdate

existing handset units quickly, forcing early replacement of units and

diminishing economies of scale. New data services will tend to exacerbate

this problem unless a means can be found for introducing them

cost-effectively.

[FIGURE BASED ON JAVA FOIL 8 "Advanced Wireless Applications Create New

Market Potential."]

[FIGURE TITLE] Creating new wireless market potential

[FIGURE CAPTION] Distributing network intelligence through Java simplifies

updates and enables new service offerings, helping to create opportunities

for new markets in the wireless industry.

[SUBHEAD] The value of programmability

Experience shows that service providers will turn to original equipment

manufacturers (OEMs) for handsets that are designed to simplify the process

of upgrading. The obvious solution is to make maximum use of

programmability, which will allow units to be upgraded through a simple

change of code. The strategy of reprogramming is already in use for

handset development, where TI's programmable digital wireless baseband

solutions provide OEMs with the means to make design changes quickly and

cost-efficiently with software, rather than expensive hardware redesign.

The challenge that faces TI and its wireless customers is how to extend

this capability to handsets that are already in use. To be most

cost-effective throughout its lifespan, a unit must be reprogrammable while

it is in the field -- in the user's hands, wherever that may be. While the

digital signal processors (DSPs) and microcontrollers that TI supplies can

support field reprogramming, the wireless industry still needs a standard

interchange mechanism for transferring programs and data. Today such a

mechanism is either unavailable or, at best, limited and proprietary.

However, there is a widely recognized solution that will be implemented in

the future for providing new programs through the wireless network. It is

called Java(tm).

[SUBHEAD] A new software paradigm

Java, created and developed by Sun Microsystems, Inc., has introduced a

new software paradigm to computing. Systems no longer have to contain all

of the software they use; instead, they can receive code through the

network. Using Java, mobile systems such as wireless handsets can increase

in functionality but remain "thin"; that is, they will not need disk drives

or large amounts of firmware in order to store numerous programs. Thin

handsets can also be updated through the network -- an important advantage

in the highly competitive wireless industry.

Providing the capability to manage a system's software library by

reprogramming on the fly is only one of the advantages Java brings to

wireless instruments. In addition, Java enables service providers to make

full use of the power of digital communications for bringing greater

functionality and user appeal to wireless applications. Some of the

applications that Java will make more readily available include voice mail,

access to the Internet or enterprise data bases, global positioning,

traffic assistance, and many other forms of voice and data communications

that can be activated by either keypad inputs or speech recognition.

Real-time multimedia applications such as videoconferencing are also

possible in succeeding generations of equipment.

While these applications could be implemented as proprietary, custom

developments, they would carry a high price tag and would be unlikely to be

interoperable among hardware platforms. The standard platform definition

that Java provides is key to the widespread development and deployment of

mobile applications by third-party software vendors. The availability of

third-party software will, in turn, simplify implementation for service

providers and stimulate the market for new services and the use of wireless

airtime among users.

[FIGURE BASED ON McMAHAN FOIL 11 "The Java Platform."]

[FIGURE TITLE] The Java Environment

[FIGURE CAPTION] Java offers a complete programming and application

environment that helps support seamless service offerings to end users.

[SUBHEAD] Java as a solution for wireless

Java has already demonstrated many advantages for the Internet and other

wired networks, but its real impact is only beginning to be felt. As Java

migrates to embedded, often mobile systems, it will enable them to perform

many functions that they could not perform previously. Overall network

intelligence will grow rapidly, and individual networked devices will learn

how to behave in diverse roles.

At the heart of the Java Application Environment (JAE) is an

object-oriented programming language with a procedural syntax that is

similar to the widely used C programming language. Java programs are

compiled into an intermediate format known as Java byte codes, which can

either reside in the system or be stored elsewhere in the network in a

downloadable form known as an applet. When a Java applet is invoked, it

travels over the communications link to the remote system, where it is

verified and stored, then interpreted one byte code at a time to run the

application.

The Java Virtual Machine (JVM) or interpreter is the main part of the

environment that permanently resides in remote systems. The small size of

the language keeps the JVM compact, and the byte code representation of the

program is more concise than a compiled version would be in assembly code.

For the relatively small amount of memory that is dedicated to the Java

environment, a system gains immense flexibility. Instead of having to

store a vast number of compiled programs in memory, the system can simply

download and use the applets it needs at a given time, then either discard

them or retain them for later use.

To reduce storage requirements in smaller, resource-limited systems,

subsets of the complete Enterprise Java(tm) environment have been defined.

TI has licensed from Sun the right to include the Personal Java(tm) and

Embedded Java(tm) environments in any of its microprocessors. These

devices include TI's industry-leading TMS320 DSPs, as well as its TMS470

microcontrollers, based on a 32-bit RISC design licensed from Advanced RISC

Machines (ARM(tm)). These upwardly compatible JAE subsets, which are

tailored to the needs of consumer electronics and embedded systems, will

bring new programming flexibility to mobile applications such as wireless

handsets.

[FIGURE BASED ON McMAHAN FOIL 9 "What is Java?"]

[FIGURE TITLE] What is Java?

[FIGURE CAPTION] Java is based on a computer language similar to C, but

with special features that make it ideal for distributing program

intelligence throughout a network.

[SIDEBAR] Java is

* Simple

* Object-oriented

* Distributed

* Interpreted

* Robust

* Safe

* Architecture-neutral

* Portable

* High-performance

* Multithreaded

* Dynamic

[END OF SIDEBAR]

[SUBHEAD] Architecture neutrality

Java is designed to be architecture-neutral, so that the same byte code

can be run by any microprocessor on any platform that has a resident JAE.

The only restriction is that the JAE of a system can only handle the subset

of the language that it is designed for. For example, Personal and

Embedded JAEs will ignore the more complex graphics instructions that are

supported by the Enterprise JAE. This "write once, run anywhere"(tm)

feature distinguishes Java programs from those written in other computer

languages, which exist in different versions for different systems.

Architecture neutrality means that programmers do not have to be familiar

with the underlying architecture of the systems for which they are

developing code. A uniform application programming interface (API) for

each JAE helps simplify the creation of applets for the large and growing

body of Java programmers.

Service providers benefit because they can create their own applets easily

and because third-party developers can quickly create off-the-shelf Java

applications to support the industry. Programmers can also build on the

legacy of Java applets for desktop applications. The same software code

can be reused on Java-enabled instruments manufactured by different OEMs,

simplifying reprogramming and maintenance operations for service providers.

Code reuse is also attractive because it boosts the productivity of

programmers, who are free to go on to new projects instead of adapting

their programs to new platforms. Finally, since Java supports dynamic

linking, a single instrument can receive different modules of the same

program from different sources, giving service providers flexibility in the

way they implement Java applications within the network.

[SUBHEAD] Reliability, security

Reliability and security are major concerns in the wireless industry, and

Java is superior in both respects. During code deployment, the JVM

supports runtime checking so that there is minimal risk to the system. If

errors slip into applet code, Java's exception handling keeps systems

operating as smoothly as possible. Java's security system prevents applets

from accessing files or directory structures on local systems, making the

JAE inhospitable to viruses. The Java language eliminates some of the

features that have proven to be error-prone in other languages. For

instance, Java does not support memory pointers, so that the operation of

each applet is restricted to its own area of memory and is prevented from

accessing data outside its boundaries. All of these factors assure service

providers that Java is both reliable and secure for use in their networks.

[SUBHEAD] Processing requirements

No advance comes without a price, and in the case of Java this price is

the need for greater performance and, indirectly, more data memory.

Fortunately, advances in integrated circuit technology will more than make

up for these demands.

Since interpreted programs like Java applets take more time to run than

compiled programs, microprocessors must provide additional MIPS (millions

of instructions per second) in order to make up for the slower program

execution. TI has tailored the DSP and microcontroller in its wireless

baseband solutions so that they operate extremely efficiently, with MIPS to

spare after handling the essential wireless transmission algorithms.

Advanced manufacturing processes ensure that every new generation of TI's

wireless solutions provides a higher level of performance with lower power

consumption.

Wireless handsets based on these devices will be able to execute Java at a

speed that users will welcome for non-real-time tasks such as Internet and

data base accesses. Real-time tasks such voice encoding and compression

will continue to operate from faster compiled programs with occasional

updates using Java as a software library manager. In addition, Java will

give applications programmers access to the communications and media

processing power of DSPs, helping them build new applications that are

tailored for wireless systems.

[SUBHEAD] Memory requirements

Although Java itself is relatively compact, it will require some

additional program memory beyond the requirements of the dedicated

operational programs in the system. The new capabilities that Java enables

may also require additional data memory for the execution of voice mail,

small graphics displays, videoconferencing and so on. However, if all

these programs were loaded permanently, a system's program memory would be

enormous. Java will give systems vastly greater program flexibility at the

cost of a small increase in memory size.

Even with this increase, future generations of wireless products are

unlikely to require more memory chips. As in the case of DSP and

microcontroller performance, advances in integrated circuit technology

continue to make more memory storage available in less space at a

comparable cost. All in all, reduced silicon geometries and higher levels

of system integration will mitigate the increased memory size required by

Java.

[SUBHEAD] How network services will use Java

Java lends itself to two different kinds of applications, plus a third

approach that is a hybrid of the others. First, Java will serve as a

software library manager that upgrades or adds to the existing

functionality of a cellular or PCS instrument through downloads of compiled

code. Examples include voice encoding and compression algorithms, digital

noise filters, transmission protocols, speech recognition for voice

dialing, and many other types of programs that run in real time. These

types of programs will satisfy the need of service providers to upgrade

units efficiently in the field.

Second, Java opens up possibilities for service offerings that do not need

real-time response. These services may be based on programs that operate

entirely as self-contained Java applets. Accesses to voice mail, email,

directory service, data bases and the Internet suggest themselves as

candidates for this type of program, as do location services that help

users determine travel routes or find addresses.

Finally, some services will utilize a hybrid approach, in which a compiled

program is downloaded, then activated by a Java applet. Multimedia

programs, for instance, will almost certainly benefit if some of the

program is resident on the local system and running in real time.

Wireless instruments are already changing to accommodate new types of

service offerings, as larger displays with more graphic capabilities are

beginning to appear. Wireless phones, or the more aptly named personal

communicators, will be able to display Internet pages or images from remote

cameras. Salespeople will be able to meet their clients face-to-face via

videoconferences, even when they are miles from the office. Anxious

parents taking an evening out will be able to see the baby sleeping.

Motorists lost in a strange city will be able to consult a map. These and

countless other uses will be available to wireless subscribers. The

possibilities are limited only by the imagination of programmers and

service providers -- and the demand of users.

[FIGURE BASED ON JAVA FOIL 12 "Finding the best route."]

[FIGURE TITLE] Enabling new types of services

[FIGURE CAPTION] Java's portability will encourage the deployment of

industry-wide mobile applications, such as location services for

emergencies or traffic guidance.

[SUBHEAD] TI and the revolution in network intelligence

Among component vendors for the wireless industry, TI has distinguished

itself by providing highly integrated solutions that help OEMs minimize

costs, reduce size and power consumption, and enhance the quality of their

products. TI's success in meeting its customers' needs is shown by the

fact that

TMS320 DSP solutions are used today in more than half the digital wireless

telephones produced worldwide.

[FIGURE SHOWING BLOCK DIAGRAM OF WIRELESS PHONE FUNCTIONS. THIS IS IN

SEVERAL WCBU DOCUMENTS. USE WHATEVER THEY REGARD AS THE LATEST.]

[FIGURE TITLE] A comprehensive DSP solution for wireless systems

[FIGURE CAPTION] TI's modular wireless digital baseband platform is the

core of a comprehensive DSP solution for wireless systems that supports all

major digital wireless standards worldwide.

[SIDEBAR] TI supplies solutions for

* Cellular and PCS

* Cordless phones

* Wireless local loop

* Base stations

* Pagers/messengers

* Satellites

[END SIDEBAR]

Since system requirements vary greatly from region to region, TI has

developed a modular hardware/software platform that is consistent across

market segments. The platform integrates all of the digital functions

required by the digital baseband subsystem of a wireless phone, including

the TMS320C54x DSP core, RAM, ROM, application-specific logic, and the

TMS470 microcontroller core. In addition, TI is capable of supplying the

DSP software needed for all major digital transmission standards worldwide,

including GSM, IS-136, IS-95, PDC and PHS. TI also plans to supply the

system software.

Complementing the digital baseband platform are a range of mixed-signal

and analog products, including the analog baseband voice and RF interfaces,

power management devices and planned components for the RF subsystem. OEMs

of cellular, PCS and cordless phones, as well as advanced paging and

messaging systems, all benefit from TI's modular approach, since it

supports differentiation and helps reduce time to market.

On top of TI's growing platform of digital baseband hardware, system

software and transmission software, the company is now adding Java

capabilities. TI recognizes that service providers are increasingly adding

value to their offerings through new features and applications.

Java-enabled systems will provide the means to combine voice, data and

multimedia applications in the same instrument for enhanced service

capabilities. Java's portability will enable OEMs to reuse code and get

their products to market sooner. And Java's use as a software library

manager will help keep handsets in service longer by assisting in remote

updates of essential software.

[FIGURE BASED ON McMAHAN FOIL "TI Software Platform (Proposed)." A

DIFFERENT IMAGE MAY SHOW BETTERTHE IDEA OF EVERYTHING COMING TOGETHER

THROUGH JAVA. PERHAPS A JAVA FUNNEL DIRECTING APPLICATIONS INTO A TI-BASED

CELLPHONE.]

[FIGURE TITLE] Bringing greater value to wireless systems

[FIGURE CAPTION] As the latest addition to TI's software platform, Java

will enable OEMs, service providers and third parties to develop new

applications that add even greater value to systems for end users.

[SUBHEAD] Complementing TI's wireless business

TI's Java strategy extends beyond licensing. TI participates actively in

industry standardization activities that affect wireless telephony,

including a committee working to define a Java speech API. TI also

participates in the Mobile Internet Phone Services (MIPS) Forum, an

industry-wide association chartered to facilitate and promote the

development of a broad range of integrated wireless information services.

Through its highly focused Wireless Communications Business Unit,

TI works closely with major OEMs and service providers worldwide in order

to understand how end user applications affect system requirements. TI's

long association with these customers has resulted in a high level of

systems expertise that makes it possible to design components more closely

matched to market needs. Results of this close association include not

only the licensing of Java, but also the ways in which TI implements

support for Java in its DSP and microcontroller cores.

[SUBHEAD] A world of opportunity

As service providers look into the future of their industry, they perceive

the need for faster, more cost-effective ways of responding to changes in

standards and customer demand. The Java environment offers an ideal tool

for keeping systems in the wireless network up to date. At the same time,

it opens a world of opportunity for adding interactive data and multimedia

applications to voice, giving service providers the means to create new

services that will stimulate demand for their businesses.

Today TI is implementing Java in its DSP solutions for digital wireless

systems. In the near future, wireless OEMs using TI solutions will be able

to create products that can be upgraded in the field. The same products

will give service providers the means to enhance their offerings with new

applications, which in turn will offer end users new capabilities for

remote communications. With the aid of Java, TI is bringing the revolution

in network intelligence to the wireless world.

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[TRADEMARKS]

Java, Enterprise Java, Personal Java, Embedded Java and "Write once, use

anywhere" are trademarks of Sun Microsystems, Inc.

ARM is a trademark of Advanced RISC Machines, Ltd.